Free Essays on Self-evident In The Declaration Of Independence

In the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† Thomas Jefferson utilizes the expression â€Å"self-evident† as a fundamental modifier for the certainties of equity he depicts that all men are made equivalent and that they are blessed with certain unalienable rights. The incorporation of this expression profoundly affects Jefferson’s contention for opportunity in light of what it speaks to. In the first draft of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† it’s clear that the expression consecrated and certain is crossed out and subbed with â€Å"self-evident† (2). Much has been said about Jefferson’s reason for including the expression â€Å"self-evident†: to legitimize American autonomy in the plainest terms, to put a more grounded accentuation on the logical rationale behind fairness [by expelling the word sacred] or to connote the converging of strict standards with human explanation. Whatever the explanation, Jefferson utilizes it to â€Å"command the consideration and assent† of the overbearing King of England, when contending that the pioneers were â€Å"a free individuals guaranteeing their privileges as got from the laws of nature, and not as the endowment of their Chief Magistrate† (1). â€Å"Self-evident† carries legitimacy to the fundamental truth of general opportunity as it depends on the laws of nature. For Jefferson and his counterparts, the expression â€Å"self-evident† describes another perspective, and is an outflow of â€Å"the theory of the normal privileges of individuals during a time when supreme rulers managed all through the world† (1). During this time, Jefferson is a thinker and supporter of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, â€Å"which saw humankind rising up out of the dim periods of odd notion toward an increasingly balanced and altruistic future† (3). Further, it is an expression with a logical source, with Rene Descartes having acquainted its significance in connection with science (4). The expression â€Å"self-evident† only mirrors the good, philosophical and recently adjusted logical thoughts of... Free Essays on Self-apparent In The Declaration Of Independence Free Essays on Self-apparent In The Declaration Of Independence In the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† Thomas Jefferson utilizes the expression â€Å"self-evident† as a fundamental modifier for the certainties of equity he portrays that all men are made equivalent and that they are blessed with certain unalienable rights. The consideration of this expression profoundly affects Jefferson’s contention for opportunity as a result of what it speaks to. In the first draft of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† it’s clear that the expression hallowed and certain is crossed out and subbed with â€Å"self-evident† (2). Much has been said about Jefferson’s reason for including the expression â€Å"self-evident†: to legitimize American freedom in the plainest terms, to put a more grounded accentuation on the logical rationale behind equity [by expelling the word sacred] or to mean the converging of strict standards with human explanation. Whatever the explanation, Jefferson utilizes it to â€Å"command the consideration and assent† of the oppressive King of England, when contending that the settlers were â€Å"a free individuals guaranteeing their privileges as got from the laws of nature, and not as the endowment of their Chief Magistrate† (1). â€Å"Self-evident† carries legitimacy to the fundamental truth of widespread opportunity as it depends on the laws of nature. For Jefferson and his counterparts, the expression â€Å"self-evident† portrays another perspective, and is an outflow of â€Å"the theory of the common privileges of individuals during a time when supreme rulers managed all through the world† (1). During this time, Jefferson is a scholar and supporter of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, â€Å"which saw mankind rising up out of the dim periods of odd notion toward an increasingly objective and others conscious future† (3). Further, it is an expression with a logical birthplace, with Rene Descartes having acquainted its significance in connection with science (4). The expression â€Å"self-evident† simply mirrors the good, philosophical and recently adjusted logical thoughts of...

Starbucks strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starbucks methodology - Essay Example At long last or fourth, the business technique must characterize the wide terms that will place the business on a made sure about a dependable balance in its territory of business. Each particular business try must have its own business system so that on the off chance that a business covers a few business territories, at that point it must have a few business methodologies (MacMillan and Tampoe 2000, p. 171). In spite of the fact that there is a propensity for a business system to be long, a business procedure archive must be sufficiently short with the goal that the report can be perused and comprehended at a time (MacMillan and Tampoe 2000, p. 17). The substance of business system can cover key aim, the main discoveries of a key appraisal, the key decisions that have been made and the supporting basis, an announcement of objectives and destinations, and a framework of the vital activities (Macmillan and Tampoe 2000, p. 17). There are a few business methodology definition structure s that organizations use in their business practice just as utilize in articulating their business technique. In view of the dominance in the writing, it appears that two of the most well known ones are Michael Porter’s Five Forces Strategy Formulation System and the Blue Ocean Strategy Formulation System of W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne. The two methodologies have a sizeable after and give off an impression of being a differentiation of system plan structure for business. ... 1). Kim and Mauborgne (2005, p. 106) depicts the blue sea procedure as the methodology that looks for a market where there are no contenders known as â€Å"blue oceans†. As per Kim and Mauborgne (2005, p. 106), a blue sea methodology suggests being uncontested in the market, immateriality of rivalry, creation and catch of new interest, esteem for cash, and adjusting firm consideration towards an attention on separation and lower costs. The Kim and Mauborgne point of view use the relationship of a blue sea that is quiet and without rivalry that can make the blue sea exceptionally bleeding or red. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis and Kim and Mauborgne’s blue sea system don't deplete the potential varieties of accessible business procedure detailing structures however the two business methodology definition systems most likely express the range on which the different business technique plan structures can be found. II. Starbucks through time and today We follow the his torical backdrop of development of Starbucks Corporation dependent on its postings through its official site at www.starbucks.com and official reports that the company provided for government offices. Starbucks Corporation began from a solitary tight front store selling espresso beans in Seattle’s Pike Place Market (Starbucks Corporation 2010a). The corporate name began from the Moby Dick epic and was expected to inspire the sentiment of the high oceans and the early espresso dealers (Starbucks Corporation 2010a). The current Starbucks Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer had strolled into a Starbucks store in 1981, began to look all starry eyed at Starbucks espresso, and joined the organization a year after. Be that as it may, in 1983, Howard Schultz made a trip to Italy, was presented to Italian cafés, and has been portrayed

Can Psychologists Prescribe Medications

Can Psychologists Prescribe Medications Psychotherapy Print Can Psychologists Prescribe Medications? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 15, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In the vast majority of cases, psychologists cannot prescribe medications to their patients. However, there has been a recent push in several states to grant psychologists prescribing privileges and there are actually already a few places where psychologists do have prescribing privileges. Where Can Psychologists Prescribe Medications? Psychologists are able to prescribe medications in the military and the Indian Health Service as well as in Louisiana, New Mexico and Illinois. Professional psychologists gained prescribing privileges in New Mexico in 2002 and in Louisiana in 2004. In 2014, Illinois became the third state to grant prescribing powers to psychologists who hold appropriate training. In such cases, psychologists are required to receive proper training and are permitted to prescribe certain medicines used in the treatment of mental disorders. What Training Do Prescribing Psychologists Have? What kind of training is needed? In Louisiana, for example, psychologists who want to gain prescribing powers must complete a post-doctoral masters degree in clinical psychopharmacology, pass a board-recognized national exam, and hold a certificate of responsibility from the Louisiana State Board of Examiners of Psychologists. In Louisiana: Psychologists must first complete a post-doctoral masters degree in clinical psychopharmacology before they can prescribe medications.In New Mexico: Psychologists must complete 450 hours of didactic training and 400 hours of supervised practice in psychopharmacology.In Illinois: Psychologists must receive specialized training in psychopharmacology. In addition to this training, they must complete a supervised clinical rotation that lasts 14 months and covers a variety of settings including hospitals, prisons, and mental health clinics. Psychologists are not the only non-physicians who have been granted prescribing rights. Advanced psychiatric nurses also have limited prescribing powers in at least 40 different states. Arguments for Prescribing Privileges Supporters of prescribing rights for psychologists include the National Alliance of Professional Psychology Providers. Advocates suggest that psychologists should be allowed to write prescriptions for a number of different reasons. Today, physicians prescribe approximately 70 percent of psychiatric medications even though they often have limited training and experience with mental illness.?? Proponents suggest that many people would be better served by a psychologist who can also utilize other treatment strategies outside of pharmacological interventions. Some other reasons cited by supporters include: Increase accessibility to mental health careAllow patients faster access to treatmentsHelp rural patients access treatments more readilyDecrease wait time for treatments; many states face a shortage of psychiatrists, making it difficult for clients to access mental health care in a timely manner.?? Arguments Against Prescribing Privileges Organizations against offering prescribing rights to psychologists include the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the National Alliance on Mental Illness. Opponents cite a number of reasons why psychologists should not be able to write prescriptions, including: Insufficient training in medicine and pharmacology.??Risks of side effects of medications.Danger of overlooking medical disorders that might be mistaken for mental disorders.Approximately half of all patients prescribed psychotropic medications also have one or more co-existing medical conditions.Physicians and psychiatrists are better trained to determine when and if medications are needed.

The Diversity Of The Community - 940 Words

Today, many people and groups stress to their communities the importance of diversity but this primarily focused on the diversity of race. In particular socioeconomic class diversity is important because of the benefits created and the potential boost that our economy could have from it. Communities and housing involves the gathering of people and groups therefore we should look at the importance of diversity in this area. While some families of higher socioeconomic class believe that living among the less fortunate will interfere with their lifestyle, it actually strengthens the economy and grows people understand each other, therefore policies that regulate housing in specific can help end housing segregation. It is essential that we learn about what diversity really means in housing and why there is such an emphases on it today. Diversity in housing means having a variety of different people living in the same community and neighborhood. This means a variety of different races, cultures, gender, socioeconomic status as well as many other identities that people contain. Diversity among socioeconomic status and background is often overlooked but there are many benefits to this concept. Human interaction among people of different socioeconomic statuses include the learning of different ways of living. People also learn about different cultures and often can even generate new ideas from different experiences, becoming innovative. W. Malcolm Byrnes writes in his article,Show MoreRelatedDiversity: Indigenous Communities1275 Words   |  6 Pages Many indigenous communities in today’s society are not being included in the day to day aspects of life including health services and education, due to their cultures beliefs and values. In an early childhood centre it is important to create an environment that is inclusive of all children and their families. The Victorian government is in the process of developing and implementing an Aboriginal Inclusion Framework, which aims to improve the practice of universal services for Aboriginal childrenRead MoreLgbt Diversity And The Lgbt Community1274 Words   |  6 Pagesrights of the LGBT community are very prominent and is a major topic of discussion within politics. LGBT which stands for (Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, and Trans) encompasses all of those who fall under those categories and those who support the community as well. With the legalization of gay marriage in all 50 states by the U.S Supreme Court the LGBT community is making milestones when it comes to having the same rig hts as heterosexual couples. With its growing presence in the community it is essentialRead MoreDiversity, Community, And Social Justice879 Words   |  4 PagesIn Common hour, we learned about Diversity, Community, Social Justice. 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Some of the new gamesRead MoreThe Diversity Of The Lgbt Community2339 Words   |  10 PagesTransgender (LGBT) community history, how it suffers harassment, prejudices, school difficulties, policies that are in place to assist students, as well as some possible solutions to assist in the education setting. First the most important thing about the LGBT community is knowing what the letters are and that that the letters are growing and forever changing. According to Safe Zone the most recent lettering is LGBTQIA+, which is, a common abbreviation used to identify communities that have theirRead MoreStructural Diversity Within A Community859 Words   |  4 PagesStructural diversity is defined as the holistic diverse demographics of a community, in this case, as it pertains to collegiate institutions. From this, we can examine the racial disparities amongst the academic community. 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The Public Health Report England 2014 Understanding...

This assignment will be analytically evaluating the Public Health report England 2014 ‘Understanding inequalities in London’s life expectancy and healthy life expectancy’. This will include examining factors which influences health inequalities, comparing theoretical explanations and the policies put in place that potentially reduce the levels of health inequalities in London. AC.1 Health inequalities are preventable differences in health status experienced by certain population groups. It is suggested people of a lower socio-economic group are more likely to experience chronic ill-health and earlier death expectancy than those who are more privileged. The causes of health inequalities have been considerably argued between theories and†¦show more content†¦Secondly the figures contained in this report have been obtained and analysed from the year 2009 to 2011. It has also been updated and revised several times including a revision of life (healthy) expectancy in November 2013. Regular updating and adjustments of data increases the accuracy and relevance of the outcomes, furthermore findings gain more validity and recognition. Another advantage of this report is its use of quantitative research. The selection of charts, tables and graphs are highly creditable in terms of measuring validity and reliability. It provides data with precise and non-bias numerical findings. Additionally this report has been published by Public Health England and is part of the Government’s department of health. It is a government obligation to provide public access to this report and others completed by the public health department. This wide accessibility suggests that the data obtained has been greatly measured to support its claims. On the other hand some disadvantages of reliability can be identified. The data provided on the life expectancy and healthy life expectancy from birth presents difficulties in the consistency and replication of the findings. The figures are an estimated average of new-born mortality rate (2010-12) and cannot provide exact figures of expected life span. The reason for this is because health prevalence and mortality rate between areas are changeable. In

Effective Management of Job in Post Merger and Acquisition Scenario Free Essays

string(135) " disappeared in western Europe alone as a result of mergers and acquisitions in the 1990s \(International Labour Organization, 2001\)\." RAYAT LONDON COLLEGE SUBJECT:- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COURSE:- MBA SEMESTER 1 LECTURER SUBMITTED BY SUBMISSION DATE DR. LANGESWARAN SUPRAMANIAN ARSHAD MUHAMMAD 14 DECEMBER 2007 â€Å"EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF JOB REDUNDANCIES IN POST MERGER AND ACQUISITION SCENARIO (SERVICE SECTOR)† ASSIGNMENT TOPIC 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Management of Job in Post Merger and Acquisition Scenario or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTRODUCTION 3. MOTIVATION 4. RATIONALE 5. LITERATURE REVIEW 6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7. FURTHER EVOLUTION 8. CONCLUSION 9. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES Page NO 3 4 6 9 12 19 19 22 22 1. ABSTRACT This report introduces a practical model of training and development needs assessment to reduce redundancies stress on employees after merger and acquisition. The proposed model is competency-based, which allows for the incorporation to reduce redundancies in post merger situation. When redundancy is the only route available, employers invariably feel obliged to assist those affected with positive planning measures for what, at the time, can seem an uncertain future. However, this is not an easy task. Redundancy can be a difficult ordeal, hitting hard both mentally and emotionally and unless professionally implemented, employers will invariably fall short of ? having done enough‘ to really help. Everyone deals with redundancy in a different way. Being made redundant can provoke a range of emotions at different times, including shock, anger, loss, fear, denial or acceptance. Redundancy after MA is a risk to all employees, and needs careful handling and counselling. Less recognised are the needs of those left behind. On the analogy of major disasters, they too demand meticulous attention to avoid deleterious effects both to themselves and to their organisations. The management of restructuring, redeployment or redundancy is important, not simply to be humanitarian, or for good public relations, but also because the effectiveness, vision and mission of the organisation that survives is at stake. Survival tips for both the individual and the organisation are indicated. 2. INTRODUCTION Since the late 1980s, the total number of mergers and acquisitions (MAs) has far surpassed the number that occurred throughout the 1960s. Whereas the MAs throughout the 1960s were mainly due to unions between conglomerates, the 1980s and 1990s has witnessed an increase in MAs between firms of different sizes and different industry types, Merger and acquisition would have corporate strategies directed at gaining competitive advantage and satisfying customers? eeds alw ays have human resource implications, and tactics such as job redesign, multi-skilling, redeployment, training, paying for performance, layoffs and downsizing should be specifically directed at implementing the human resource strategies of organisations. Unfortunately, however, the strategic considerations which should accompany the use of these tactics are often absent. The primary purpose of merging and acquiring new firms is usually to improve overall performance by achieving synergy, or the more commonly described as the ? + 2 = 5? effect between two business units that will increase competitive advantage (Weber, 1996). Recent research indicates that these MAs have a negative impact on the economic performance of the new entity because of human resource implications mostly redundancies (Tetenbaum, 1999). Therefore, although MAs are usually extremely well planned out in terms of financial and legal aspects, the conclusion that has to be drawn is that these poor results have come to be attributed to poor human resource planning. Redundancies after MAs can be a difficult ordeal, hitting hard both mentally and emotionally and unless professionally implemented, employers will invariably fall short of ? having done enough‘ to really help. Redundancy is probably the most evocative and fear inducing form of organisational change for many workers. Each year in the UK, there are over 200,000 notified redundancies. What is perhaps of more concern is that many organisation merger and acquisition change programmes have relied heavily on redundancy even though they have been articulated as downsizing or, more euphemistically as rightsizing or business process eengineering (Champy, 1995). 4 The essence of research is to explore how well human resources are being managed within organisations and better to understand the impacts of organisational change in different sectors and at levels in the organisational hierarchy after merger and acquisition. Have pre-existing human resources strategies to cope with redundancie s after MAs would reduce the stress on employee and also on organisation. Human resources strategies like open up consultative and participative organisationwide discussion to seek out possibilities that minimise redundancies, establish sound two-way means of communication which permit employees to freely vent their feelings, with a guaranteed right of reply from the organisation, communicate constantly and effectively, actively evaluate impact, exercise effective leadership from the top, ensuring that the pain is shared, provide a clear reconciliation of the market and financial situation, offer immediate counselling and assistance to all those identified for redundancy set up a mutual support network for those made redundant and continue to offer human resources help where required are the core tools which can organisations should implement after redundancies in merger and acquisition situation. Mergers are not without their downsides. They can consume an incredible amount of time and money, legal and tax complications, and problems with mixing corporate cultures and last but not least the redundancies. It has been estimated that fully 50 percent never achieve the initial financial and market goals projected. Decisions to merge assume that synergy will develop between two organisations that combine resources and talent and achieve economies of scale and integrated technologies. Whenever two separate organisations merge, they want synergy. Each side hopes to benefit from the merger and initially willingly attribute benefit to the other. However, synergy does not occur easily or without effort. A merger may change the name of the company and management, but the real benefits occur when people ascribe to merged goals and ideals. There were more than 36,700 transactions with a combined value of more than US$3. 49 trillion (Thomson Financial, 2001). The number of jobs that these mergers impacted on has not been estimated, but conservatively it must run into the hundreds of thousands. For instance, at least 130,000 finance jobs have 5 disappeared in western Europe alone as a result of mergers and acquisitions in the 1990s (International Labour Organization, 2001). You read "Effective Management of Job in Post Merger and Acquisition Scenario" in category "Management" 3. MOTIVATION Post-merger depression begins the day top executives declare that the merger, of which the most obvious is losing one‘s job. But redundancy after MA can be an opportunity for positive change. Time could be spent on self discovery and re-focusing e. g. advancement new people and forming new working opportunities, meeting merger is done. Employees often expressive many fears they are confronted with following a relationships, learning new skills, getting over the pain caused by the merger, and setting new goals as well as creating an organisation that is better than the two original separate organisations. Building on valuable training, experience, skills, talents and past achievements. While accommodating new work / life balance considerations and identifying new and as yet unrealised opportunities that only a fresh start can afford. Explores redundancy after MA as a significant and pervasive outcome of organisational change. The need to manage the redundancy transition has provoked the development of new HRM policies and practices. Highlights interventions such as redundancies are often used by companies with little rigorous evaluation of their utility or benefit, yet their continued proliferation would suggest that they appear to have assumed essential credibility and value. The pervasive and complex nature of current changes dictates not only the need for a better understanding of the practices that exist but also an exploration of how HRM theory of redundancies can contribute to and enhance that understanding. The complexity of the situation for the survivors of redundancy after MAs means that no simple formula exists. The variables at play are diverse. It is often difficult to provide cause and effect data, reflected in an overall lack of evaluation. It appears that there have been few reported successful attempts to implement intervention strategies which support and assist the framework of organisational change after 6 redundancies due to MAs and personal transition for both those leaving and the survivors of a redundancy experience. One prime example is BBC model to deal with redundancies, considering that everyone’s future at the BBC was uncertain during the 2004, including members of the HR department. BBC worked to build in the flexibility to provide as many courses as were needed and to ensure that those you were going to made redundant had sufficient clarity about their own careers first, to help them to provide the objectivity that those they were working with would need. Suggestions for managing redundancies would be to encourages organisations to develop strategies which reduce, avoid or limit redundancy after M seeks to ensure that if redundancy occurs, it is handled in accordance with the law seeks to raise awareness of strategies which assist those affected to retain self-respect and enhance employability. Redundancy is one of the most traumatic events an employee may experience. Announcement of redundancies will invariably have an adverse impact on morale, motivation and productivity. The negative effects can be reduced by sensitive handling of redundant employees and those remaining. If possible, it is preferable for an organisation to establish a formal procedure on redundancy after merger. In many organisations a formal agreement may have been negotiated and agreed between management and trade union or employee representatives. Some organisations deal with redundancies by an informal arrangement with a practice which varies for each redundancy or they may only start to consider the appropriate procedure for the first time when a redundancy situation arises. At the very least in order to plan and implement a redundancy situation properly, the following stages will be followed in most redundancies: o Planning o Invitation of volunteers o Consultation, both collective and individual o Use of objective selection criteria 7 Compliance with all three stages of statutory dismissal procedures o Advance notice of individual consultation meeting o Permitting a colleague to be present at consultation meetings o Opportunity to appeal o Allowing seeking of suitable alternat ive employment o Statutory or other redundancy payment o Relocation expenses o Helping redundant employees obtain training or alternative work. Of course the exact procedure varies according to the timescale and size of the redundancy after M. Mergers and acquisitions (M) are increasingly prevalent, powerful and risky corporate events. The resistance or support of people in the integration of two previously separate organisations plays a key role for their success or failure. As ? merged‘ corporations integrate previously separate organisations, they can often dis-integrate individual careers with lay-offs, reduced advancement opportunities, upset or changed career plans, and other resistance-generating changes. This is the poorest means of mobilizing motivation, experience, commitment and competence, all of which are usually seen as critical justifications for M in the first place. Organisations face opportunity to select new combinations and integrate work in ways that individual careers can be re-integrated into the goals of the M with the goals and motivations of participants affected by it, by recognizing and effectively supporting different motivational and competence profiles. Senior management who had been involved in M identified talent retention as their biggest challenge in leading a successful merger or acquisition, followed by making the deal generate long term value. Less skilled firms in the art of M also focused on talent management but failed to create the fundamental climate of ownership that recognised the value of staff. 8 Managing and developing talent will prove instrumental for organisations to retain their competitive position and deal with the twin challenges of leadership and growth. According to new research by Mercer Human Resource Consulting, France, the Netherlands, and the UK have the worst redundancy pay. Based on minimum statutory paid notice and severance pay for a white-collar employee aged 40, made redundant after 10 years on a salary of ? 20,000, the average redundancy pay across the EU was ? 11,163. But using the same comparison the redundancy pay would be just ? 5,000 in France and the Netherlands and ? 5,128 in the UK. In Spain and Italy the payment would be ? 25,464 and ? 18,276 respectively, and ? 15,000 for both Belgium and Austria. 4. RATIONALE The rationale for M activity is a key value-added role that the board can and should play. A value-based analysis can be strategic rationale of a deal, revealing its true underlying economics. For an acquisition to deliver improved financial performance, it must enhance the strategic position of the acquirer‘s businesses or the target‘s businesses. More precisely, it must improve either market economics or competitive position of the business units. No brainer deals that provide great returns by simply eliminating redundancies, achieving a lower cost of capital or lowering tax rates are virtually a thing of the past. So mergers and acquisitions must be justified through the strategic benefits that will be realised. Signs of human stress are present in all combinations, even the friendliest and bestmanaged ones. Manifestations of the merger syndrome appear in all varieties of corporate combination, be they mergers or acquisitions, friendly or hostile, domestic or international, involving companies of similar or different sizes and so on. Personal involvement in organisational mergers and acquisitions has served to foster an awareness of the various symptoms of the ? merger syndrome?. Twelve such indicators are preoccupation; imagining the worst; stress reactions; crisis management; constricted communication; illusion of control; clash of cultures; we vs. 9 they; superior vs. inferior; attack and defend; win vs. lose; and decisions by coercion, horse trading and default. (Schweiger et al. 1987) cite job security as the most important factor for employees during a merger, followed by pay and benefits, work autonomy, and performance feedback. Research has also indicated that the organisational change process in mergers is usually tightly controlled by management and decisions on job losses are driven solely by the need to reduce numbers (Kanter, 1986). Thus employees are commonly concerned not only with job security but also with how selection decisions are made. Related to this, a number of researchers have shown that perceptions of procedural fairness are a key factor in determining staff attitudes to, and experience of, merger change. In particular, the perceived fairness of redundancy procedures is reported to impact significantly on the attitudes of the staff that remain in the organisation (Brockner and Greenberg, 1990; Schweiger et al. , 1987, 1994). A number of organisations using a compulsory approach to redundancy selection made the point that once change is known to be about to occur there is more to be gained in terms of gaining the commitment of key players than in leaving these employees ? in the dark?. One organisation held briefing sessions for all its senior managers before the advent of a redundancy programme in order to provide reassurance, and to talk through strategic plans after the redundancies, with all main board directors present to field questions. This was designed to be open in nature so that these managers could in turn return to their staff to counter any ? doom and gloom? suggestions. Managers such as these have been used as the ? ears? of the organization in order to feed back issues which arise during this period of uncertainty, so that a response can be made by the organization in order to minimize any adverse effects. In spite of these benefits, other organisations stated that they did not reveal plans to anyone outside a very select planning group, fearful that leakage of such information might have more significant negative effects. However, these particular organisations tended to be the ones who bypassed any prior, general notification about intended redundancies, thereby moving to ? phase two? , which is the actual notification of 10 those affected. The disadvantage of this closed and compulsory strategy is the type of situation referred to at the start of this article. Indeed, this particular organisation did not repeat its experience when it faced the need to undertake a further round of redundancies: this time it declared the need to make further workforce reductions, requested volunteers and stated that it would only declare compulsory redundancies if there were insufficient volunteers. Reactions related to disbelief, betrayal, loss of motivation, lower morale, mistrust, uncertainty, insecurity and lower commitment to the organization and so on are undoubtedly more pronounced where there is no announcement or indication before the actual notification of those to be made redundant. To summarised the rationales of this report would be, Job redundancies are common phenomena in post merger, lack of secondary data, there is no support, continuity or implementation of the programs like this in any organisation, Collecting information in real time from both participating and non-participating employee groups after redundancies is a challenging task, the mono-method bias is another limitation of this study and last but not least the time limit. 11 5. LITERATURE REVIEW Author Year Bob Moore 2002 Surviving Title Authors Evaluation Report Evaluation a to compulsory redundancy and Several factors contribute to A number of organisations Thriving During successful M. The first is using a Merger or instilling a positive mindset approach Acquisition among all employees – and this selection made the point can only start at the top. Senior that once change is known management alignment and to be about to occur there is partnership sets the tone, as more to be gained in terms employees managers look for to their of gaining the commitment and of key players than in direction assurance during this important leaving these employees ? n time. Getting people and the dark?. One organization processes to work together is held briefing sessions for all the only way to make the new its senior managers before company work. A successful the advent of a redundancy management evaluate team should programme in order to each company‘s provide reassurance, and to ?personal best practices? and talk through strategic plans incorporate them into the newly after the redundancies, with combined organization. all main board directors Although 75 percent of M present to field questions. don‘t reach their stated goals of greater financial results, there is a formula designed to encourage success. Attention, time and financial resources must be applied to employees and their work processes, so the new company ends up with a motivated, ? can-do? workforce. 12 Christiane Demers 1999 Merger acquisition and Communication‘s critical role in Poor communication and in the implementation of change is mergers often cited in the literature. intensifies acquisitions stress for announcements as corporate wedding narratives Communication is presented as organisational a tool for diffusing members top because of the uncertainty their future. The management intentions and for about preparing context of minds action to a new communication strategies Managers serve to reduce uncertainty, egitimate change to encourage in which both management employee commitment to and employees can voice their opinions, and concerns, provide imminent transformations. desires information. Adrian Furnham 2006 Deciding on One of the occasional tasks of a Senior management who promotions and manager is to de cide on who in had been involved in M redundancies their reporting staff to promote identified talent retention as as well as, where applicable, their biggest challenge in who to make redundant. In large leading a successful merger organisations guidelines factors there may be or acquisition, followed by concerning to take which making the deal generate into long term value. Less skilled some firms in the art of M also on talent both consideration. Further organisations keep records on focused performance designed to which reduce are management but failed to the create the fundamental subjectivity in these sorts of climate of ownership that decisions. Nevertheless this is recognised always because a of difficult the decision staff. and the value of many powerful consequences not only for the individual involved, but also his/her working colleagues and the organisation as a whole. 13 Stephen A. W 1994 Downsizing Improve Strategic Position to Planned large scale reductions A successful merger is all in head-count, or redundancies, about cost savings, right? ave become commonplace in Wrong. The most important many industries worldwide. In thing is making sure that the practice many downsizings fail valuable talent from both to achieve desired long-term companies doesn’t simply results. Presents results of a march out the door. survey among large Cana dian Managers behind the most firms which suggests Examination management some successful mergers and reasons. strategic of acquisitions spend as much of time addressing â€Å"people† downsizing reveals weaknesses issues such as integrating of both planning and cultures, managing talent, knowledge and implementation. management of Effective sharing human retaining key people as they esources is a prerequisite but do on cost savings, merging failures often arise from processes, technologies and inattention to other important divisions. aspects of organizational change. Suggests that a wellthought-out strategy should be accompanied innovation, by process re- business engineering and organizational learning. Bob Moore 2004 Surviving and Several factors contribute to Suggestions for managing Thriving During successful MAs. The first is redundancies would be to a Merger or instilling a positive mindset encourages organisations to strategies avoid or which limit MAs that if is amon g all employees – and this develop can only start at the top. Senior reduce, management alignment Acquisition and redundancy after ensure artnership sets the tone, as seeks to employees look to their redundancy occurs, it 14 managers for direction and handled in accordance with law seeks of to raise assurance during this important the time. Getting people and awareness strategies processes to work together is which assist those affected the only way to make the new to retain self-respect and company work. A successful enhance management evaluate team each employability. should Redundancy is one of the company‘s most traumatic events an ?personal best practices? and employee may experience. incorporate them into the newly Announcement combined of organization. redundancies will invariably Although 75 percent of MAs have an adverse impact on don‘t reach their stated goals of morale, motivation and greater financial results, there is productivity. a formula designed to encourage success. Attention, time and financial resources must be applied to employees and their work processes, so the new company ends up with a motivated, ? can-do? workforce. Adrian Thornhill 1995 The positive For those organizations which Redundancies after MA management of declare redundancy survivors: issues lessons redundancies without can be an opportunity for prior warning, the effect may positive change. Time could come as a shock to all be spent on self discovery re-focusing e. g. nd employees – those who are not and to be made redundant as well as advancement those who are to go. This has opportunities, particularly been the case in meeting new people and non-unionized organisations forming new working where there has not been the relationships, legal requirement to undertake le arning new skills, getting prior consultation. One financial over the pain caused by the 15 services organisation stated that merger, and setting new this led to a period of shock for goals as well as creating an 24 hours during which work organisation that is better effectively ground to a halt. The than the two original management of the organization separate organisations. hen had to work quickly to overcome this effect, through company-wide communication and by demonstrating that those to be made redundant would indeed be fairly in treated. unionized prior However, even organisations, where consultation occurs, there may be the feeling that ? little attention has been given to the survivors of redundancy?. Beth Taylor 2002 The right way to There is a growing awareness Human resources strategies handle redundancies among business leaders that the like open up consultative way an organisation handles and participative redundancies sends out a very organisation-wide strong message about its discussion to seek out corporate ethics and values. possibilities that minimise redundancies, establish ound two-way means of communication which permit employees to freely vent their feelings, with a guaranteed right of reply from the organisation, communicate constantly and effectively. 16 Ridha Khayyat 1998 Al- Training and The more organizations seek This report excellence, employees‘ the training and and introduces a development needs assessment: more practical model of training development to needs reduce on a education becomes imminent. In assessment organisation redundancies practical model contemporary for institutes partner information stress dissemination by employees after merger and itself leads to little or no results. acquisition. The proposed It is the ability to that of the model is competency- organization knowledge disseminate based, which allows for the leads to incorporation to reduce employees‘ skills and abilities redundancies in post merger development. What matters is situation converting technology through people into better organisational performance. One thing which is true about the twenty-first century is that the development of human resources is no longer an option but a must. Joseph Cangemi 2004 P. Exit strategies Job losses that are the result of A number of organisations mergers, sale of a company, using restructuring, and downsizing as approach organizations profitability in struggle a a to compulsory redundancy or selection made the point highly that once change is known competitive corporate world are to be about to occur there is common. The reduction process more to be gained in terms forces organisations to employ a of gaining the commitment variety of exit strategies as they of deal with the most key players than in difficult leaving these employees ? in aspect of downsizing – the the dark?. reduction of personnel from their organisation as a means of rapid reduction of expense to 17 the company. Considers some employee-sensitive strategies exit Bryn Jones, 2001 How Redundancies Worsen Inequality Collective redundancy (CR) is The complexity of the erhaps the most central but situation for the survivors of acknowledged employment factor redundancy in means formula that after no MAs simple The are Social least shaping contemporary Britain. exists. at play The ease with which employers variables can execute CR allows not only diverse. It is often difficult to fairly rapid and to and also of far-reaching provide cause and effect business data, reflected in an overall working lack of evaluation. It changes organisational practices, restoration but prompt appears that there have few reported to companies‘ been financial deficits, as well as success ful changes in the skill and implement of strategies attempts intervention which support demographic workforces. profiles nd assist the framework of organisational change after redundancies due to MAs and personal transition for both those leaving and the survivors of a redundancy experience. 18 6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The primary data would be collected through, principally involving in-depth questioners and interviews with senior human resource practitioners and staff those who made redundant after MAs in the organisations. Before interviews occurred, these practitioners were supplied with a list of the questions. The ranged from the reasons for redundancies after MAs through to the impact of redundancies on organisational survivors, and organisational learning points for the future management of redundancies. A comprehensive assessment after redundancies can reveal how a company has emerged from the combination and how ready it is to achieve future goals. Secondary data would be collected by using publicly available information, public domino, Newspapers, Articles on Redundancies after MA and International Journals on this topic. 7. FURTHER EVOLUTION The need to reduce costs is an opportunity critically to review current ways of doing things, to make major improvements using new technology or better methods and build strengths for the future. Reasons for the design of existing work flows are often buried in history and reflect yesterday? s crises. Many organisations have found that simply the exercise of mapping their major business processes can suggest dramatic improvements. Redundancies, duplications, inefficiencies and ? disconnects? are common in most processes or systems which have been in operation for a while. Massive reductions after MAs radically change managerial and workforce attitudes. Individuals no longer trust organisational commitment to long-term employment and morale has suffered in many cases. Corporate psyches have been forced to confront the possibility that growth may not return, and decline may be inevitable. Dealing with these issues effectively is the difference between a company that will continue to suffer the redundancy hangover long after the event and one that can 19 move on swiftly. Companies that manage the process of redundancies after MAs well in terms of being fair and transparent and in terms of giving a level of support to the employees when they‘re leaving, create an environment in which the people who are left behind say: ? Well, at least they treated them fairly, and it had to happen for a business reason – at least they looked after them and didn‘t just shove them out the door. The high level of consultation required makes good management sense. ?Two things: once the decision has been taken, how an employer conducts himself after that is going to be critical. It‘s about being responsive to employees — giving them an opportunity to have discussions; making sure information is available to them. All of that will be seen by employees who remain behind as well. Secondly, the communication process for those who remain is important, making sure they‘re not ignored or sidelined just because they‘re not part of the programme. They may well feel left out. To this end the following are some of the approaches that may assist: ? Have pre-existing human resources strategies to cope with such a situation. These should be open and transparent, subject to widespread consultation, and equitable. ? An organisation needs to provide a career management structure which enhances self-directed skill development. The opportunity to learn the transition skills necessary to career change are thereby created. ? In facing an experience, an organisation has to consider the impact on the symbols it has previously used to motivate staff, particularly its sense of mission. ? The management of restructuring, redeployment or redundancy is important, not simply as a humanitarian gesture, or for the sake of good public relations, but also because the effectiveness of the organisation that survives is at stake. ? Open up consultative and participative organisation-wide discussion as soon as danger signs appear. Seek out possibilities that minimise redundancies after merger. 20 ? Establish sound two-way means of communication which permit employees to freely vent their feelings, with a guaranteed right of reply from the organisation. Communicate constantly and effectively, and actively evaluate impact. ? Exercise effective leadership from the top, ensuring that the pain is shared, such as through voluntary salary cuts and the non-awarding or take-up of bonuses. ? Provide a clear reconciliation of the market and financial situation, options for amelioration, and the need for job cuts within this. ? Use clear and published criteria to determine the basis for redundancy, arrived at through consultation. ? Set up a mutual support network for those made redundant after MAs and continue to offer human resources help where required. Offer immediate counselling and assistance to all those identified for redundancy. Organisations should always attempt to avoid redundancies in post merger situation. Ways of doing this include: ? ? ? ? ? ? Natural wastage Recruitment freeze Stopping or reducing overtime Offer early retirement to volunteers (subject to age discrimination issues) Retraining or redeployment Offering existing employee‘s sabbaticals and secondments. 21 8. CONCLUSION Handling redundancies after MAs is a difficult task where decisions have to be made as to numbers, timing and criteria. The detail should be fully discussed with employee representatives, with the objective of getting agreement about the way matters should be handled. A successful merger is all about cost savings, right? Wrong. The most important thing is making sure that the valuable talent from both companies doesn’t simply march out the door or made redundant. Managers behind the most successful mergers and acquisitions spend as much time addressing â€Å"people† issues such as integrating cultures, managing talent, sharing knowledge and retaining key people as they do on cost savings, merging processes, technologies and divisions. 9. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES 1. 2. 3. Furnham, A. (2001), Management Competency Frameworks, CRF, London. Greenberg, J. (1996), The Quest for Justice on the Job, Sage, London. Sessa, V. , Taylor, J. (2000), Executive Selection: A Systematic Approach for Success, Jossey-Bass, New York, NY. 4. Lynch, J. G. , Lind, B. (2002), â€Å"Escaping merger and acquisition madness†, Strategy Leadership, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 5-12. 5. Anderson, H. A. 1993), Successful Training Practice: A Manager‘s Guide to Personnel Development, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. 6. 7. 8. Hoke, W. (2002), â€Å"What’s your exit strategy? â€Å", The edge, pp. 5-12. Business Week (2002), ? Exit strategies discussed?. Fowle r, A (1993), Redundancy, Institute of Personnel Management, London. 22 9. Charlesworth, K (1996), Are Managers Under Stress? , Institute of Management, London. 10. Nathan, R. (2007), Colleagues turn counsellors in BBC’s pioneering program Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 15 Number 5 pp. 11-13. 11. 12. 13. Kanter, c (1986), Managing HRM risk in a merger, London. Business Week (1994), â€Å"The pain of downsizing†, Business Week. Doherty, N. Horsted, J. (1995), â€Å"Helping survivors to stay on board†, People Management, No. 12 January, pp. 26-31. 14. Institute of Personnel and Development (1996), The IPD Guide on Redundancy, IPD, London. 15. Schlesinger, L. (2002), UK offers worst redundancy pay in Europe, Financial Director. 16. Yehuda, B. (2000), ? Survivor syndrome? – a management myth? , Journal of Managerial Psychology Volume 15 Number 1 2000 pp. 29-45, Emerald. 17. Steven, H. (2000), Anatomy of a merger: behaviour of organizati onal factors and processes throughout the pre- during- post- stages, Management Decision, Volume 38 Number 10 2000 pp. 674-684, Emerald. 18. Noeleen, D. 2005), The role of outplacement in redundancy management, Volume 27 Number 4 1998 pp. 343-353, Emerald. 19. Shay, S. (2006), Downsizing and the impact of job counselling and retraining on effective employee responses, Career Development International, Volume 11 Number 2 2006 pp. 125-144, Emerald. 20. Stephen, A. (2001), Downsizing to Improve Strategic Position, Volume 32 Number 1 1994 pp. 4-11, Emerald. 23 21. Gerald, V. (2002), Counselling remaining employees in redundancy situations, Volume 7 Number 7 2002 pp. 430-437, Emerald. 22. Al-Khayyat, R. (1998), Training and development needs assessment: a practical model for partner institutes, Volume 22 Number 1 1998 pp. 18-27, Emerald. 24 How to cite Effective Management of Job in Post Merger and Acquisition Scenario, Essays

Idea And Concept of Amazon Echo Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Idea And Concept of Amazon Echo. Answer: Introduction Amazon Echo is a cylinder in shape device that is home based audio speaker which comes up with personal voice assistance that is Alexa (Apthorpe, Reisman and Feamster, 2017). Alexa is much similar to Siri and Google Now which is generally used in various kinds of phones and tablets. It is generally connected with Wi-Fi which allows to users to easily accesses cloud services right from their home. In the coming pages of the report the idea and concept of Amazon Echo has been discussed. After that pros and cons has been stated in details as per the needs of the user. Discussion: Idea and concept Amazon Echo comes up with Bluetooth which allow people to easily stream music right from their mobiles devices. It is built with Alexa which can easily handle multiple users and alarms at the same interval of time (Li et al. 2016). It comes up with the integration of Google calendar and its re-order items which are eligible for prime services at Amazon. This device allows us to perform a range of functions like Watching of videos from new broadcast Watching of videos from YouTube. Forecasting of weather It provides a platform where a video chat can be easily done if they have amazon echo and Alexa app. To overcome some of the drawbacks amazon has launched Echo plus which is considered to be bigger and better of previous version (Ebling, 2016). It comes up with enhanced speaker which comes up with 360-degree sound. It has also 2.5-inch woofer can 0.8-inch tweeter. It has Dolby processing of sound which provides quality of sound to the user. Advantages This device is considered to be an intelligent Bluetooth speaker which comes up with Dolby digital for listening quality of music (Tucker et al..2016). It allows hands-free mode which convenient for voice control. The connection of Bluetooth is considered to be flawless as device can be connected within 30 seconds. Disadvantages In comparison to Siri and iPhone, amazon echo does not have any thing display. Echo speaks only one kinds of language that is English. Amazon Echo is unable to report to provide response to complicate type of commands. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be easily stated that this report is all about Amazon Echo which is latest technology in field of speaker. In the discussion portion of the report an idea and concept behind the working of Amazon echo has been provided. After that advantages and disadvantages of Amazon Echo has been provided. References Apthorpe, N., Reisman, D. and Feamster, N., 2017. A smart home is no castle: Privacy vulnerabilities of encrypted IoT traffic.arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.06805. Li, R.Y.M., Li, H.C.Y., Mak, C.K. and Tang, T.B., 2016. Sustainable smart home and home automation: Big data analytics approach. Ebling, M.R., 2016. Can cognitive assistants disappear?.IEEE Pervasive Computing,15(3), pp.4-6. Tucker, G., Wu, M., Sun, M., Panchapagesan, S., Fu, G. and Vitaladevuni, S., 2016. Model Compression Applied to Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting. InINTERSPEECH(pp. 1878-1882).

The Voting Rights Act

Long Term Paper 10 Pages

Long Term Paper 10 Pages Long Term Paper 10 Pages Long Term Paper 10 Pages Long term paper 10 pages cannot be written overnight, unless you are a professional writer.   Sure, you can try your luck copying a free term paper online. However, you should be ready to learn that other students have also submitted the same term paper. offers an effective solution - custom term paper writing service!   Our term paper writers are able to write a good paper for you from scratch.   Even if you need long term paper 10 pages within 24 hours, we can provide you with custom written paper with no plagiarism! Our free paper blog is full of excellent term paper samples. Excerpt of Term Paper on Abortion In studying the problem of when the fetus can be called human, Daniel Callahan in his book on abortion says that there are many answers depending on whether the investigator is a zoologist, an anthropologist or a sociologist, and that all these opinions must be taken into consideration along with the theologian's. There are those who be lieve the beginning of human life should be judged by genetic criteria (if you are conceived by human parents you are instantly human); and those, says Callahan, who believe in developmental criteria (some no one has decided how much development is required before a fetus can be called human); and those who would measure what is human with social criteria by measuring the social consequences of the decision. They say that since life is present in the sperm and egg before conception it is useless to say human life begins at any one point. They also point to the fact that people do not feel the same way emotionally toward an embryo or fetus as they do toward a living child. It is their view that since it is a human decision, social dilemmas must be taken into account. And there is a question of value, says Callahan. "While we may say that human life 'begins' at x point in the developmental process, we may not feel compelled to say that it is necessarily to be fully valued or fully protected at that point." But the question should not be, some say, whether or not the fetus is human, but whether the mother wants the child. It has been argued that the social evils involved in forced pregnancy against the will of the mother are worse than the possible evil of destroying the fetus. Critics of this have suggested that allowing a person the right to decide whether to grant human life to the fetus might encourage other such acts as mercy killing in the case of an incurably ill or very old person, infanticide in a case where there is mental or physical deformity, or a return of the gas chamber for criminals. And they have suggested also that if abortion on demand were allowed, if a woman knew she could get rid of the unborn child if she wanted to, it might encourage women to be freer, more promiscuous in their sexual relations. Not only theologians, but doctors are faced with moral, medical and legal dilemmas. Custom Term Paper Sample The above sample term paper is written on the topic abortion.   If you need individual help with writing a term paper, do not hesitate to use our term paper writing service. Our writers are able to write a custom term paper on any topic!   If your deadline is tomorrow, we will not let you down!   We can handle the most urgent deadlines!

Country Report on Mexico Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Country Report on Mexico - Coursework Example The other institution is the legislature. The institution has two components: the senate and the Chamber of Deputies (CIA 1). The senate comprises of 126 seats while the chamber comprises of 500 seats. The other institution is the judiciary. Judiciary is divided into two parts; highest court(s) and subordinate courts. Justices serve for life (CIA 1). The country enjoys presidential system of governance. This is because the president is a reflection of the popular vote by the people. The state economy appears not to be influenced by bureaucracy as elected representatives make majority of the decision. The country also boasts of strict electoral rules. First, there are strict rules for one to participate in voting process. For example, an eligible voter has to be 18 years and above, Mexican citizen, have honest ways of livelihood (Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) 1). One may be disqualified for a criminal conviction, imprisonment, and for being a fugitive. Candidates must also be qualif ied electors and be submitted by duly registered political parties. Mexico has unique parties and party system. The countries enjoy various political groups. The groups include Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), National Action Party (PAN), Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), Citizens’ Movement (MC), Labor Party (PT) and NEW Alliance Party. In the last election, the PRI regained power after spending over a decade in the opposition (IPU 1). The party remained the largest party in the parliament but could not afford an outright majority. The party managed only 212 seats in the chamber of deputies and 128 seats in the senate (IPU 1). In the last election, PAN was the second party in terms of seats. PAN controlled 114 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 38 seats in the senate (IPU 1). Enrique Pena Nieto is the current president and won under the coalition of the PRI and PVEM. Voter turnout rates have been fluctuating in Mexico in the

Remembrance Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Remembrance - Personal Statement Example She was extremely intelligent and graduated at age sixteen, much before the other children in her class. I, on the contrary, was forced to attend seventeen schools from the fifth grade through twelfth; always playing catch up in school. I never establish a foundation of good educational skills. In spite of the pit, falls I found myself somehow graduating on time. 7 The love of music I inherited from my mother. My mother an accomplished pianist, taking lesson from age four, played Carnegie hall at a very early age. I remember her telling stories of practicing two to three hours a day and attending the Julliard School of music in New York City. As an adult, she continued to play and even taught my older siblings to play the piano. However, when her mother died she stopped playing and never played again. Therefore, she never taught me to play the piano. I am assuming that her mother was the driving force behind her piano accomplishments. Although I never learned to play the piano, I love music, especially classical music. 12 Traveling became a large part of my adolescents. By the time, I reached age twelve my mother had remarried, and we began to travel up and down the East coast. I spent the first twelve years of my life in Stamford Ct., and then we moved to Florida, back to Connecticut, then to New Hampshire, and Virginia and landed in Biglerville Pa.

The Importance of Cash Flow Management

The Importance of Cash Flow Management An understanding of effective cash flow statement and its further management is vital tool for the long term survival of an entity`s cash flows. It is also a key factor in planning and in the competent performance of all aspects of operations. The phrase revenue is sanity, profit is vanity but cash is king is an appropriate phenomenon that companies have to consider and embedded in their cash management strategy. It should be noted that profits are not an acceptable means of measuring and ensuring good cash flow, since it is not a major piece of cash flow management. Once cash inflows and outflows are received and money paid out are not effectively considered and monitored, corporations may possibly not be able to settle their employees and vendors on time. Hence, lack of good cash flow management could lead to companies inability to pay their bills as and when they fall due but yet these companies may have huge profits in their annual financial statements. 1.0 Background of the study Discounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance,  real estate development, and corporate financial management. Indeed, a managers primary goal is to maximise the value of his or her firms stock. Value is based on the firms future cash flow. (F.Houston 2007 ,p.10). How does bank estimate that cash flow and how that cash flow will be used in future investment? The answers to both questions lie in a study of financial statement and risk related to transactions concerned with. Analysts describe the activities of a business in either operating or financial terms. Usually, to evaluate its operating profit, a business firm buys raw materials and combine them with actor as capital and labour to produce goods and services. Later on, the company will sell these goods or services to others at a higher price enough to yield return above the cost of the raw material, capital and labour used. In financial terms, the business obtains funds through creditors and owners, and spen ds them for raw material, labour and fixed assets. To see if a firms management has achieved its objectives, we must analyse the companys return and risk measures. Measuring returns consist of calculating profitability and risk measurement for the bank. 1.1 Overview of the company The creation of the UK largest retailer goes back to 1919, when John Edward (Jack) Cohen a retailers product line started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. The name Tesco originated in 1924 when he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr T. E Stockwell, from whom the initials TES come from and CO from Jacks surname. In 1929 Mr Cohen opened a flagship Tesco store in Burnt Oak, North London and founded in 1939 Tesco stores limited. Today the company is a public limited and employs 470,000 people in more than 14 countries, and is the UK largest grocery retailer and the third worldwide. In the UK: Over the next decade following its creation, Tesco opened more than 100 small stores, mainly in the London area. The company expanded rapidly across the United Kingdom. Started with the acquisition of smaller grocery chains including the nineteen stores Burnards chain in 1955, and has now, 2362 stores ranging from superstores to express and petrol stations. Since the 1990s Tesco has developed an aggressive marketing campaign in an attempt to overtake Sainsburys and become the UKs leading retailer since 1995. In 1992, the company launched is slogan every little helps followed by the Tesco Value range in 1993 and the launch of his loyalty scheme, clubcard in 1995. Today Tesco is the first retailer in the UK with a groups sales of  £62,537 billion, a rise of 6.8% and  £3,412 billion group trading profit (12.3% growth) Abroad: The Company is now present in more than thirteen countries since 1995 when it first expanded to Tesco Hungary to, the USA in 2007. Strategy: The Companys strategy has been revised since 1997, the year Terry Leahy was named chief executive officer. Tesco has developed a growth strategy, the one that was ambitious in its design. In the coming years, the company directed its expansion efforts on its core U.K. business, retailing services, international operations, and non food business. Store types: Tesco has Extra, Superstore, Metro, Express, Tesco.com. Store offerings: Food retail, Non food retail, Petrol stations, Home living range. Tesco personal finance: life insurance, pet insurance, home insurance, travel insurance, motor insurance, saving account, personal loans, secure investment bonds, online mortgage finder The company aims: This dissertation was dedicated to the financial area, especially to financial management and risk involved. The proposed title of this dissertation is as follow: How important is for manager to have a good understanding of cash flow statement in a retailing industry. 1.2 Aims and objectives The aim of this research was to evaluate the overall performance of retailing sector a case study of Tesco Plc being chosen by taking into consideration its cash flows and risk involved. The researcher aims to understand the issues related to cash flow statement and relate it to risk involved and how to improve the management cash flow. Furthermore setting some aims and objectives are of a high importance as they outline some targets, tasks, guide and thus facilitate the research process. Objectives Identification of the key factors included in a cash flow statement Establishment of the straight relationship between the cash inflow and cash outflow Identification of the element that affect (risk) the successful cash flow The areas in need of cash flow What are the advantages of good knowledge of cash flow analysis Recommendation of new strategies and techniques to improve organizations overall cash flow performance Rationale of the Study The essence of commissioning this research was to establish the need for the company managers to have a good and a deeper understanding of the cash flow statement. After having considered the rate at which corporations are faced with liquidations as a result of going concern problems. The dependencies of profit/ income statement for financing decision making by most businesses over the years have result to these corporations failing to meet the expectations of their long term objectives. With this study the managers would realise the importance of the role the cash flow statement plays in the organisations cash flows management status. The other annual financial statements do not through more light on the financing needs/ requirement and management of the entities. However, the cash flow statement provides more and strong indicators that assist corporations to know the strength and weaknesses of their cash flow generation approaches. 1.4 Significance of the study Cash flows information of a company is very significant element in providing users of financial statements with a basis to measure the capability of the business to generate cash and cash equivalents and the desires of the business to make use of those cash flows. The financial decisions that users (both shareholders and stakeholders) make depends an appraisal of the strength of the business to generate cash and cash equivalents by having regard to the certainty and their ability to generate those cash (Ramachandran, 2007). The cash flow statement deals with the consideration of information concerning the historical changes in cash and cash equivalents of a company and categories cash flows in to certain groups. This research will no doubt be a significant tool in financing decisions for managers, shareholders and stakeholders at large. 1.5 The Research problem In recent years so many businesses have had to depend on excessive borrowings from the banks, credit agencies and other financial institutions. Cash flow shortages result to increase in costs, due to interest companies need to pay on borrowed loans, late-payment which may lead to fines, and subsequently the discounts that could be lost for paying bills lately. Lack of cash flow improvements can compound these unexpected costs and could result to difficulty in accessing credit and unfavourable payment terms on some types of purchases. Eventually, corporations that get better in the manner in which their receipts of cash and payment of cash are managed would be more flourishing than their counter-parts. 1.6 Research question After identifying the aims and objectives of this study, the research attempted to answer the following questions. What is cash flow concept? How is it used in an organisation? What is the impact of financial statements when valuing the cash flow statement? What are the review conceptual models and theoretical fragments related to cash flow? What review cash flow statement used by Tesco? What are the risks faced by the company when evaluating their cash inflow and cash outflow? The overall impact on cash flow statement inside and outside the industry 1.7 The dissertation outline The study has been organised in a manner that makes it much easier to read and understand. As a consequence the outline is as follows: Chapter one: introduction was concerned with general overviews of the study by presenting the aims and objectives, the significance of carrying such research as well as some questions faced by managers when valuing their liquidity. Chapter two: literature reviews was applied as others opinion, what authors has writing and thinking about cash flow management. Chapter three: methodology was highlighting the different techniques and approach used to carry out our research so that readers and manager can have a Chapter four: data analysis was presented as the methodology used to conduct this research successful .it furthermore presented the chosen analytical method in accordance with qualitative approach chosen in this study. The data collected are analysed using a qualitative analytical method the methodology used to conduct this study has been discussed. in this chapter and evaluated in accordance with the theoretical framework established from the literature review. Chapter five: conclusions and recommendations 1.8 summary This chapter gave an insight of the research project by presenting the company Tesco plc which is subject to inquiry, highlighting the aims and objectives, and discussing the significance of carrying such project as well as the limitations. The subsequent chapter reviews the literature of direct marketing, discussed by prominent authors.

The Role of Financial Managerial Accounting Function

Accounting is a major part of an organization or business, it help to provided information needed to manage and make economic decision in order to move the company or organization forward. Financial and managerial accounting work together with emphasis on the future of the company, but have different proposes that helps to enhance the organization both ways as in internal and external. The main purpose of financial accounting is to provide an external performance of the company or organization accomplishment to their stockholder, lenders, financial analysts, and creditors, tax authorities by prepare financial statement. However, it also reports past and present transactions on the balance sheet and the company’s income and cash flow statement. Managerial accounting is use to focus on providing information within the company or organization, of which includes planning and making decision for the company, it’s a manager’s job, he/she must have proficiency in the managerial accounting because it is the foundation of the company’s future, and the manager’s aim is to control the company’s operation by improving the way internal reports and external financial statement will be used in decision making within the company. In addition, Managerial accounting deal with topics such as cost behavior, profit planning, operational budgeting are all financial decision to be made to produce the external financial statements and its the managers of the managerial accounting department responsibility to have them done. To compare the two accounting system I would have to say they have similar function, they both produce reports one for external and one for internal that is use for making decision for the company. The managerial accounting deal with confidential financial reports that is used by the CEO’s within the organization or company, these reports are consist of sales forecasting, the company’s budgets analysis and comparative analysis and any type of merge or consolidation reports the company did in a day, weeks or months. In addition, these reports is generated on a timely basic such as weekly or monthly it is more flexible than financial reports, and it does not focus on general accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Moreover it is use by the CEO to fore see the future of where the company is going. The financial accounting is more concern with the external aspect of the company, so when generating the reports for their stockholders, lenders, financial analysts, and others outside of the company they apply the general accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In addition financial account reports or focus on the past in a more historical factor of the four financial statement of which include a balance sheet, income statement, owners’ equity statement and cash flows statement, the report are generated for a set period of time such as a fiscal year to give the company a history for the hold years. In conclusion financial and managerial accounting can be said that they play a very important part in business making decision, if the rules are apply in the correct and ethical manner by the CEO’s and mangers .

Statement of Purpose for the Masters Degree

Statement of purpose for the Masters Degree The information included herewith in my writing would elaborate on the reasons that motivate me to study at the University of Reading, prestigious Henley business school, and will further elaborate the causes for the selection of the specific path of study. Further in the latter part of my discussion I would like to explain the reasons for me to apply for a scholarship at the benevolence of a sponsor.Having earned a BSc (Accounting) Special (Hons) degree with a first class standing from University of Sri Jayewardenepura which is reputed as the faculty with the highest demand for management study in Sri Lanka and earning continuous professional development in PricewaterhouseCoopers for over three years, initially at a trainee level and then as a Senior Associate, I have shown an overwhelming interest on the field of financial reporting.The performance grades earned by me in PwC is fascinating since I was rated as â€Å"1† once and â⠂¬Å"2† twice, which denotes â€Å"Outstanding† and â€Å"Exceeding expectations† respectively, being the only one in the peer group to make such an achievement and these ratings consolidated my position further as a resource person in PwC on financial reporting and assurance services. I believe both the professional experience excellence and the academic excellence on the field of accounting and financial reporting have raised a knowledge hungry, enthusiastic to learn individual.Along with the real accounting problems faced by companies, learning advanced Accounting theory from reputed professors in Sri Lanka, enhanced my skills on the practice and sharpened me with my ability to think accounting problems in the practical context. Further to that, presentation skill was enhanced during the course of study and training and during the learning and development sessions held by PwC. Further to the above I pursued Chartered Accountancy professional course conducted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka and in pursue I won four prizes in all first three levels.This made me to be ranked among one of the very few achievers in Sri Lankan history on both the professional and academic qualifications. Currently I am pursuing the final level of the said course. The prizes (Highest Marks in the country for the exam) I won include Foundation level quantitative methods for decision making and second in Order of Merit for overall performance. In the intermediate level I won the prize of Second in Order of Merit for overall performance in that exam. Then I won the prize for excellence in business systems in the Final-1 level exam.These achievements coupled with the very special achievement that I was 8th in the island (Sri Lanka) in Advanced Level examination held in 2006 made me a prospective resource person in Sri Lanka in the field of financial reporting, and depicted the special interest shown by me on the specific sphere from the childh ood. Having seen the caliber of certain academics and professionals in the field of accounting and financial reporting I believe I have to further learn sophisticated areas on these subjects.One of the reasons I want to study further is to reach at least the same level of intuitiveness and panoramic view of the subject as my teachers and the professionals I have met have developed. However all these achievements were made by me in spite of very many economic difficulties since my family’s bread earner is only my father who is a retired lowest level government servant (His designation was Village Officer).I have a brother who still studies in the school for his A/L s and I worked in part time jobs during my all the time said achievements were made by me. I am a hard-working and determined person, and I am ready for a new leap in my business career. I am solely in a quest towards more knowledge and excellent competitive learning environment, with state of the art facilities. Th e only reasonable decision for me was to aim for such a place. All this gives me the motivation to apply to University of Reading, Henley Business School.

Cyber Deviance Among Adolescents And Adolescents - 1714 Words

Cyber Deviance among Adolescents Introduction The effect technology has had on communication has granted access to much of the youth to abuse the intimacy that they have now taken for granted. â€Å"Cyber Deviance† is an umbrella term that includes digital piracy, computer hacking, and sexting which is on the rise among adolescents (Udris, 2016). Examination of the theoretical structure toward explaining this type of behavior could possibly provide the public the genesis. Theoretical components emphasizing in social learning, self-control, and differential association have been used with a positivist approach – more specifically the positivist’s assumption of determinism – to try to explain adolescent â€Å"cyber deviant† sexual behavior (Journal†¦show more content†¦In the development of newly acquired psychological and physical abilities, in combination with new social boundaries to prevent expression of those newly acquired abilities, many adolescents participate in activities like premarital sexual exploration, that crosses social boundaries, and these are then referenced in the literature as deviant behaviors (Goode, 1990). Theoretical Application Sexual exploration in adolescence by means of a cellular telephone camera was not something that many could have foretold. While statistically sexual exploration in adolescence is expected, determining a clear reason as to why adolescents choose sexting as their means of exploration is not quite known. However, social learning theory is a good candidate for the explanation. Generally, sexuality has been framed as a biologically centered force within Freud’s psychodynamic theory, which is quite different from how it is represented in what is a more cognitive oriented social learning theory (Hogben Byrne, 1998). Those who stand by social learning theory are in support of the belief that sexuality has value at all ages, however, they tend to ignore the concept of sexuality as a biological drive, like a force (Hogben Byrne, 1998). Social learning theory in concise terms is basically people learning from one another whether by imitation or observation in a social context (Ahern Mechling, 2013). By this definition, the assumption that the reason adolescentsShow MoreRelatedBrain Development : Understanding The Brain During The Apex Of Development799 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the brain during the apex of development, also known as adolescence, allows not only scientists but also parents to work towards an understanding of future generations. In this website, the effects of adolescence, the differences between an adolescent and adult, and the influences of environment will all be thoroughly discussed. When adolescence begins, there are many psychological effects on the teenager. To begin with, there are many hormonal chang es involving large releases of hormones, whichRead MoreCyber Bullying: A Study of Long Term Effects on Adolescent Cyber Bullying1561 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Cyber bullying is a topic that has been researched many times. As technology changes, it is important that research is kept up to date on how victimization can affect present and future psychosocial adjustment issues. Cyber bullying is defined as victimization that intends to harm another through electronic means, where individuals can harm without physical interaction. (Tokunaga, 2010). Cyber bullying requires little planning and there is little chance of being caught. It is importantRead MoreViolence And Sexual Content And The Media2947 Words   |  12 Pagesand think that it is socially acceptable and because of that it makes them want to act it out in their daily lives. Sex and violence in the media has changed so much and plays a major part influencing negative behavior in teens by promoting sexual deviance, increasing violence in teens, and impacting psychological health in a negative way. This is why television should have more restrictions for sexual and violent content. History of Sex and Violence in Media Media has changed so much over time because